Category: Current Affairs Regions

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The Number of Fires in The Amazon Increases in 2022

19 September 2022 – by Darina Kalamova

Tropical rainforests stay humid throughout the year and fires aren’t a natural phenomenon there.

This means that nearly all blazes currently burning in the Amazon are started by people in service of mining, logging, and agriculture. Farmers start blazes to clear land for other uses, such as pasture and crops. Illegal loggers and miners use them to hide their activities or to drive traditional communities out of their land.   

Climate change and global warming are exacerbating the situation as well. They lead to higher temperatures and drier conditions, making it impossible to keep the fires under control. Without regular rainfall the forest shifts from being fire-resistant to fire-susceptible. 

The Brazilian Amazon

The Brazilian Amazon is affected most, primarily due to weakened law enforcement and lack of political will.  In 2022, 4000 square kilometers of forest have been cleared away, marking a 17% increase over the previous year.

August and September typically mark the forest’s dry season. August recorded the highest number of fires in a month, surpassing previous years. In fact, on August 22 more than 3,300 fire alerts were reported in a day,  the worst number in the last 15 years.  September is painting a similar picture as the first week of the month had more fires than in all of September 2021.

Thick clouds of smoke cover towns in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Pará for weeks at a time, and smoke inhalation is becoming a serious health risk for the local population. The blazes also threaten the forest’s biodiversity and the global climate. Scientists warn that the rainforest’s carbon-storing potential is crucial, and without it, the planet is headed for an ecological disaster.

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Native American Tribe Members Become First US Climate Migrants

Isle de Jean Charles

17 September 2022 – by Cosmo Sanderson

Members of a Native American tribe have reportedly become the first climate migrants in the United States (US) as they begin a process of relocating from the sinking island their ancestors made home two centuries ago.

The Jean Charles Choctaw Nation has in the last few weeks started leaving Isle de Jean Charles – a slender island around 80 miles southwest of New Orleans in the US state of Louisiana – as part of a long-planned resettlement program. 

When the US government issued US$48 million grant to resettle residents of the island in 2016, it was said to be the first-ever federally funded effort in the country to move an entire community due to global warming. 

Many residents have already left the island, and the 100-or-so who remain are overwhelmingly of Native American descent. 

The Jean Charles Choctaw Nation descends from three Native American tribes that fled to the island to escape forced relocation under the Indian Removal Act passed by the US government in 1830.

Since 1995, however, the island that was once a refuge for the community has lost 98% of its land mass – a 320-acre skeleton of what it used to be. 

The only road connecting Jean Charles to the mainland often floods due to high winds or the tide, leaving the community stranded. 

The tribe says that the resettlement program, which has seen many residents move to the town of Schriever around 60 kilometres northwest, has been beset by years of “delays, confusion, and stress” caused by state and federal governments. 

According to the tribe, the resettlement has also been carried out “without meaningful consultation with, or the explicit consent from” its leadership. This is something the tribe says is “concerning” for many other nations and communities around the US that may soon go through a similar process. 

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The Democratic Republic of Congo auctions land for oil drilling in the Congo Basin

white bird beside body of water

19 September 2022 – by Ella Kiyomi Dobson

The Congo Basin is the second largest old-growth rainforest and is set in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In May, DRC released a statement online suggesting that they are accepting offers on blocks of land for oil and gas exploration projects in the Congo Basin to bolster its economy. The number of parcels of land up for grabs was increased from 16 to 30 at the end of July when the auction began. 

Oil and gas are at the forefront of global issues right now. At the end of 2021, global leaders joined at COP26 to agree to protect the Congo Basin with international pledges of $500 million. Within a few months, however, many global leaders have shifted their climate attitudes, particularly on oil and gas, due to the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. The President of the DRC, Felix Tshisekedi, and other leaders of African countries have expressed that there remains a double standard for oil and gas. Western nations have built their wealth from exploiting fossil fuels; why should they have to forego their reserves to protect everyone else? 

While President Tshisekedi and the DRC government argue that new oil and gas fields would boost DRC’s economy, empirical observations in high-yield oil-producing African nations suggest only a small fraction of the population would reap the benefits. Currently, DRC is a large player in the mining of cobalt, copper, gold, and diamonds. While these have high economic returns, the country remains deeply impoverished due to mismanagement and corruption. Looking at these realities, the Congolese people would unlikely see any financial benefits from further environmental exploitation.

The environmental damages that exploration and drilling of oil and gas in the Congo Basin could be a tipping point for the global environment. The proposed bidding lands are crucial areas like swamps and peatlands that have a high environmental value. Astoundingly, peat/wetlands only comprise around 3% of the globe’s surface, yet they hold over 30% of soil stored carbon. The infrastructure required to explore and drill in these areas would release billions of tons of stored carbon into the atmosphere due to the draining process necessary for drilling. 

After the auction began in mid-august, the hydrocarbons minister for DRC announced that they would accept bids from carbon credit and cryptocurrency companies as opposed to purely oil and gas companies. These companies would not be looking to drill but, rather, promisingly, sell carbon credits for carbon offsetting. In theory, this structure would return the capital generated to local communities and the government in exchange for protecting the areas. There is much scepticism about whether the carbon offsetting market will bring sufficient cash flow to match the economic outputs of oil. However, if these companies successfully win the blocks of land, this would be more financially and environmentally sustainable for the DRC. Success in this endeavour may also encourage other countries to adopt a similar approach to environmental preservation, so long as they can afford to do so.

Finding alternative means like this to support countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo will be a pivotal example for other countries hoping to move away from oil and gas dependence. In addition, efforts like this may allow for a just transition to renewable energy which will be an essential means of protection for both people and the planet. 

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Record Levels of Displacement and Famine Warnings in Somalia as Drought Continues

12 September 2022 – Darina Kalamova

One million people have been internally displaced in Somalia since January 2021 when an unprecedented drought began. The Humanitarian Coordinator for Somalia, Adam Abdelmoulа, stated that more than seven million people – nearly half of Somalia’s population – will experience its effects by the end of 2022. 

What is Happening?

Food prices have risen sharply and many people cannot afford essential products such as water and wheat. More than three million animals, crucial to Somalia’s economy, have died and crop production has substantially dropped due to low levels of precipitation.

This has forced many people living in rural areas to leave their homes behind and seek refuge in urban regions and displaced persons camps. In fact, after another failed growing season, a spike in displacement was recorded in June and July 2022.

Famine Warnings 

Experts are concerned that a fifth failed rainy season is very likely. This, in combination with the loss of livelihood, is increasing the possibility of famine and health risks for the population. 213,000 Somalis are reported to be living in famine-like conditions with no access to basic necessities.

Children are most vulnerable because malnutrition can reduce their physical and mental development. Heartbreaking data shows that around 1.5 million children under the age of 5 face acute malnutrition, with over 380,000 likely to experience severe malnourishment. According to the UN Children’s fund, drought-related malnutrition has already led to the deaths of 500 children.

The UN humanitarian chief, Martin Griffiths, warned that two districts of Somalia are in imminent danger of famine and thousands are at risk of losing their lives. He stressed the urgency of the situation and compared the current disaster to the famine of 2010-2011 when more than 200,000 people died. He called for more humanitarian aid and additional funding for the affected areas.

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UNHCR Urges Response to “Biblical Proportion” Floods in Pakistan

9 September 2022 – by Ottoline Mary

Since the beginning of the 2022 rainy season, “Biblical proportion” floods in Pakistan have killed 1300 people, injured 12,500, and provoked the displacement of 634,000. Over one third of the country is currently under water, and one in seven Pakistanis have been affected.

Due to geographical parameters, Pakistan has always been particularly vulnerable to floods. However, the frequency and scope of extreme weather events are exacerbated by global warming. In the present case, three months of incessant monsoon rain are not only destroying infrastructure but also jeopardising food security through crop damage – which is contributing to aggravate the country’s rampant inflation and “further entrenching Pakistan’s compounding economic and political crises”.

Last week, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) launched a global humanitarian campaign aiming to mitigate the consequences of this disaster. The organisation has mounted an airlift operation to supply the most heavily impacted regions with tents, sleeping mats, kitchen sets, and sheets of waterproof canvas.

Funds are also being mobilised to support the Pakistani government in its assistance to households, including through an online donation portal.

The situation could further deteriorate in weeks to come, as the Pakistan Meteorological Department predicts increased rainfall in the coming month.

A global and tailored response is vital to repair damages and curtail further destruction. In addition to the principle of solidarity, there is an ethical case for Global North countries to commit to alleviate climate-induced hazards in the Global South, given that the former are historically responsible for most greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the lack of technology and funds to build flood-resistant infrastructure can also be attributed to historical biases in favour of today’s most powerful nations.

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Chile Rejects New Eco-friendly Constitution

9 September 2022 – by Cosmo Sanderson

Chilean voters have rejected the chance to enact a groundbreaking constitution that would have enshrined the “rights of nature”.

Almost 62% of voters turned down what had been described as an “ecological constitution” in last Sunday’s vote.

The proposed text, which was championed by Chile’s leftist President Gabriel Boric, would have made Chile only the second country to recognise the rights of nature after Ecuador.

“Nature has rights,” the text read. “The state and society have the duty to protect and respect them.”

The constitution would have also reportedly seen the creation of autonomous governmental bodies to safeguard those rights and allowed Chilean citizens to bring lawsuits to enforce them.

Aside from its environmental protections, the proposed constitution recognised the rights of Chile’s indigenous populations to their land and resources. It would also have made gender parity across government a legal requirement.

Chile’s existing constitution was entered into in 1980 during the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. Chileans overwhelmingly voted to update it in 2020, a year after a rise in public transport fees sparked a million-strong march in Santiago against inequality.

Olga Barbosa, an ecologist at the Austral University of Chile, told US journal Science that she was “shocked” by the outcome of the vote, reflecting that there is “still so much fear of change.”

Nicolás Trujillo Osorio, a philosopher of science at Andrés Bello National University, told the same publication that concepts including the rights of nature were too vague and poorly explained.

Boric has announced he will work with Congress and civil society to launch a new constitutional process. “We have to listen to the voice of the people,” he said regarding the rejected text, and develop a new proposal that will “fill us with confidence and unite us all”.

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Extreme Drought in Europe is Causing Record-Breaking Disruption

Low waters of the Rhine river in summer 2022

9 September 2022 – Darina Kalamova

This year another negative climate-related record in Europe will likely be broken as the ongoing drought is set to become the worst one in the last 500 years.

The combination of low rainfall and extremely high summer temperatures is overheating and drying up rivers and lakes across Europe. Water shortages are already hindering the continent’s activity because the river basins provide important economic routes and ecosystems. Without them, international trade, industrial activity, agriculture, energy and food production are in danger of collapse. 

The Rhine is Europe’s largest and most important river and its water is used for freight transport, irrigation, manufacturing, power generation and drinking. Since early August 2022, the river has been recording alarmingly low levels and is in danger of becoming impassable. This will halt the transport of grain, coal, and other goods with catastrophic economic consequences. Ships are already being forced to limit their cargo and if the water level continues to drop, they may have to stop operating altogether.

Economic activity in the Danube is disrupted as well. Wrecks of World War II ships have resurfaced from the water and while this is not the first time this has occurred, the wrecks emerge only when the water level is extremely low. The rise of water temperature also poses a serious threat to the river as the overheating can result in lower oxygen content and not enough soil moisture. Concerns for the survival of the local fish species have been raised.

Other important European waterways are facing similar threats and experts warn that the expected rainfall this autumn may not be enough to raise water levels high enough to restore normal activity and that similar dry periods may no longer be exceptions in the future, but the rule.

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A New Study Predicts Severe Droughts in the Indus Basin

31 August 2022 – by Ottoline Mary

The Indus River is the 19th longest in the world. It originates in the Tibetan Himalayas, and flows through northern India and Pakistan into the Arabian Sea.

Since the development of the famous Indus Valley Civilisation in the 4th millennium BC, local livelihoods have relied heavily on its terrestrial water supply – that is, “the summation of all water on the land surface and in the subsurface”, including ice, river water, and soil moisture. For this reason, the Tibetan Plateau is often referred to as a major “global water tower” – which partially explains why the region is the object of so many geopolitical tensions.  

But a recent article from the New Indian Express shares the results of a recent satellite-based assessment of water changes in the region, quantifying the effects of global warming-induced glacier retreat, lake expansion, and below-ground water loss.

Without a significant increase in climate policy, the study projects an 80% water loss in the Indus basin by 2050. Such decline in freshwater availability over the Tibetan Plateau would entail a loss of livelihoods for 2 billion residents of India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

If we fail to meaningfully reduce the global carbon emissions currently generated by the burning of fossil fuels, we can expect colossal forced displacement flows in the region 25 years from now.

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COP27: An Opportunity for Egypt

white and blue boat on water near city buildings during daytime

25 August 2022 – by Ottoline Mary

A recent article from Arab News offers some insights on the 2022 edition of the United Nations Climate Change Conference, commonly referred to as COP27, which will take place in Sharm el-Sheikh (Egypt) in November.

The upcoming summit represents an opportunity to raise awareness of the climate-related issues encountered by the MENA region, whose interests are often dismissed in global decision-making.

For example, during the 56th session of the Bonn Climate Change Conference that took place two months ago, a coalition of developing country representatives suggested that mitigating the devastating impacts of climate change throughout the Global South could be facilitated by implementing a Global North-funded international mechanism. However, despite wealthy nations being the main contributors to global warming, the initiative was rejected by the EU.

In addition, the event is providing Egypt with an incentive to address its own national climate challenges. For example, the high levels of pollution (especially in Cairo) are affecting air quality and, thus, causing health problems amongst at least 2 million residents each year.

After seven years of negotiations, the overall stake of COP27 is to prompt the implementation of the Paris Agreement at each country’s national level. As phrased by Zitouni Ould-Dada, deputy director of the FAO’s Climate and Environment Division, “the costs of inaction would be higher than the costs of action”.

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Oak Fire in California: Sparking New Fire Management?

people walking near fire

1 September 2022 – Willy Phillips

This piece discusses the Oak Fire in California and the future of fire cycles in the state. 

On July 22nd, the foothills of Sierra Nevada, California, saw the state’s most sporadic and unpredictable fire to date, called the Oak Fire. The Oak Fire burned nearly 18,000 acres in its first three days. About 2,000 firefighters fought to keep the blaze at bay, which destroyed numerous properties and left thousands without power. The CAL fire department reported over 6,000 people evacuated in the first 72 hours of the blaze. Today, over a month later, the fire is nearly contained, but still holds an ‘active’ listing on the fire departments website. As the fire season comes to a close, many fear events as unpredictable and rampant as this are soon to be commonplace.

California has faced some of the United States’ most severe climate challenges. From extensive droughts to unmatched heatwaves, the state is familiar with the impact of climate change on their fire season. Beth Pratt, a regional fire expert, spoke of the regularity of big fires, saying, “The fire cycle up here, before these 1,500-year droughts which we’re in, was like a big one every 15, 20 years, now we have multiple big fires every year.” 

The uptick in massive fires has not happened overnight. Instead, years of unrelenting drought, warmer-than-average temperatures, and a buildup of dry-brush fuel on the forest floor have created ideal fire conditions. Across California, fire crews and departments have cited “explosive fire behavior” due to the unprecedented lack of moisture. In fact, soil records reveal these are the driest conditions California has seen in 1200 years, with no hopes of moisture on the horizon. As even drier conditions take hold in California, fire management is due for an overhaul. Evacuation as a management strategy is entirely unsustainable, but can only be avoided with comprehensive and collaborative management.

To build these new strategies, the state and supporting agencies have much work to do. Citizens can do their part by adhering to evacuation strategies and being disaster-ready with supplies on hand. However, a large amount of fire safety must come from proactive state-wide efforts to address climate change, like fire-proofing buildings, and prescribed burns throughout the state. Previous fire management strategies utilizing rainfall and cooler temperatures have fallen short. In response, experts are calling for more proactive and comprehensive approaches that depend on multi-level cooperation and continued adaptation to the observed conditions. Undoubtedly a tough task, but one that is critical to the longevity of the state and its residents.